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![]() SAN GABRIEL CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY AND DUI LAWYER San Gabriel, CA is located about 10 miles east of Downtown Los Angeles and just southeast of Pasadena, in the western part of LA County's San Gabriel Valley. Over the years, San Gabriel has been home to various immigrant populations, beginning with Spanish missions in the 1700s, then Italian Immigrants in the 1950s, followed by large scale migration by Mexican Immigrants in the 1960s, and Chinese Immigrants in the 1980s. Eastern European immigrants also occupied the region for many years, and Nearby Alhambra is currently home to a large Serbian Church (St. Steven's) and the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Western America, with San Gabriel being home to another Serbian Church (St. Sava's Serbian Orthodox Church). Today, San Gabriel has nearly 40,000 residents, nearly 60% of whom are of Chinese or other Asian descent. Like much of LA, this diverse community is rich in foreign and California culture, with significant California and Los Angeles history. San Gabriel's local economy is comprised largely of car dealerships, a plethora of dining and food shopping options, with heavy influence from its Chinese population, and even some LA landmark restaurants and shops that have been around since the 40s and 50s. The I-10, I-710 and I-210 freeways connect San Gabriel to Los Angeles, Pasadena, the eastern San Gabriel Valley and San Bernardino. San Gabriel is nearby Alhambra, South Pasadena, San Marino, Monterey Park, Rosemead, Temple City, El Monte, Northeast Los Angeles, Montecito Heights, East LA. The San Gabriel Police Department provides law enforcement services, with criminal matters being heard at the Alhambra Courthouse. San Gabriel is a safe, quiet community, but crime certainly does exist. Due to low volume of the urban crime and gangs that plague much of LA, San Gabriel law enforcement devotes much of its resources to enforcing driving offenses. With much of San Gabriel's population made up of immigrants (many undocumented), unlicensed driving is one of the most common offenses. First timers are typically charged with a violation of VC 12500 (driving without a license), but those with priors, or whose driving privilege has been suspended with the DMV or court are charged with the more serious VC 14601.1 (driving while driving privilege suspended). DUI enforcement is also heavy, and San Gabriel Police receive extensive training in DUI investigations. DUI checkpoints and saturation points are common as well. Much like in the rest of LA County, domestic violence cases are prosecuted very aggressively. Drug crimes are also prevalent in San Gabriel, with prescription pills, methamphetamine and marijuana crimes (including marijuana concentrates like hash, hash oil, wax and some edibles) being the most common. Theft offenses are less common in San Gabriel than in most of LA County, but the District Attorney's office is tough on retail theft and tougher on theft from individuals. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime in San Gabriel, Rosemead, Alhambra, or anywhere else in the San Gabriel Valley, you are up against a tough branch of the LA County District Attorney's office, and have likely been investigated by a well-trained police force. Whether the offense seems minor (driving without a license) or is more severe (DUI causing injury or death), you need a skilled, knowledgeable and passionate Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney to fight for you and assert your rights. Your best chance to avoid jail time, loss of your driver's license, immigration consequences or a misdemeanor or felony conviction is to entrust your case to the competent hands of a criminal defense lawyer. Contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar now for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer or DUI Attorney. We will help you understand the court process, the possible and likely outcomes and evaluate the defenses that can help you get the right outcome in your criminal case. EXAMPLE of a San Gabriel Criminal Case: Eric, a resident of San Gabriel, was convicted of DUI a year ago. Because his arrest took place in LA County, he was ordered to install an ignition interlock device (IID) on his vehicle, and his license was suspended for 4 months. Eric did not install the IID, and also failed to show the court proof of enrollment. Although Eric believed that his 4 month suspension was up, his failure to comply with the DMV and court's conditions led to a longer suspension of his driver's license. Without his driving privilege reinstated, Eric is in violation of the law every time he drives a car, even if he has not been drinking. One day, Eric is driving home from work, when he is pulled over in San Gabriel, on Las Tunas. The officer runs Eric's information, and finds that his license is still suspended for his prior DUI. The officer asks Eric to step out of the vehicle and has him perform a Preliminary Alcohol Screening (PAS) device test. The PAS is a primitive, handheld breathalyzer used by law enforcement officers at the scene. While most drivers may refuse to submit to the PAS test, Eric must perform the test because it is a condition of his DUI probation. He blows and records a PAS reading of .00, because he had not been drinking. Still, the officer takes Eric to jail and impounds his car for 30 days. Eric is released from jail and hires a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer to help with his case. His lawyer helps him get his driver's license reinstated and his car back, before the 30 days. Later, he is charged in Alhambra Court with 14601.2 (driving while license suspended for DUI) and for a probation violation (on the prior DUI, for which Eric was on 3 years summary probation). Again, due to Eric's ability to get a driver's license and become compliant with the law, his attorney is able to negotiate for a dismissal of the VC 14601.2 count and a reinstatement of his probation on the old DUI. After paying a reduced fine, Eric will not do any jail time, and may still expunge his prior DUI conviction upon completion of probation. Speak to a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney now. If you have been arrested in Alhambra, Rosemead, South Pasadena, San Gabriel, Monterey Park, or anywhere else in LA, we can help. Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. LOS ANGELES CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY t: 213-375-3775 | f: 213-375-3099 Mobile: 323-803-4352 WWW.IDEFENDLOSANGELES.COM [email protected] 1200 Wilshire Blvd | Suite 406 Los Angeles, CA | 90017 Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar
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LOS ANGELES PRE-FILING CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY Having a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney by your side in court is imperative. You have very important rights and defenses and should have someone with the knowledge and skill needed to assert those rights and defenses on your behalf. Your lawyer can make a big difference in how your case goes in court. Most people know that having an attorney in court is a wise thing to do, and hire a lawyer when they know that they must appear in court. What many people are not aware of, however, is just how much an attorney can help if involved early in the process, preferable as soon as there is an arrest, citation or even investigation by law enforcement. There are a number of ways it can benefit you to have an attorney on your side early in the process, before your case makes it to court. Here are a few examples of what your Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney might be able to do in your criminal matter, before it is ever filed. AVOID FILING OF YOUR MATTER When your lawyer initiates contact with police or the prosecuting agency, it immediately becomes clear that if they want a criminal conviction in your case, they will have to work for it. You being aggressive enough to hire an attorney for pre-filing representation signals to the government that you will not simply be pleading guilty to the crime they want to charge you with. The prosecution handles a large volume of cases, and wants most people to plead guilty early on in the process. When they see that you are adamant about maintaining your innocence and fighting the case, they may decide that their time and resources are better spend on other cases. By pointing out flaws in the government's case, conducting additional investigation, or requesting a meeting with supervisors, it may be possible to avoid a filing of your criminal matter altogether. This is the best possible outcome. It keeps your record cleaner than a dismissal in court and does not expose you to the possibility of a conviction and jail or prison time. This is most commonly effective in domestic violence cases, but may work in a wide range of criminal matters. HAVE IT FILED AS A LESSER CHARGE Even if your attorney cannot persuade the prosecuting agency not to file a case, the same process might convoke the prosecutor to file the case as a lesser charge than they had originally intended. Sometimes this means a misdemeanor instead of a felony or an infraction instead of a misdemeanor; drug possession instead of possession for sales; assault instead of attempted murder; petty theft instead of burglary/robbery, and more. INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION Preserving evidence and witness testimony is imperative to an effective defense in your criminal case. The police and prosecution investigated the case to find evidence of your guilt, but may not have explored the evidence most likely to show your innocence. Videos get erased, memories fade and records become harder to find as time passes. Getting an attorney and a private investigator to do an independent investigation, one not tainted by government bias towards guilt, is a very important step in the process. Results of an investigation might help coax the prosecution into not filing the case, dismissing the case, or amending to a lesser charge. In the event that your case is filed and you must defend yourself at trial, having independent evidence to confront the government's witnesses is vital. CIVIL COMPROMISE Some misdemeanor offenses can be dismissed in court, at the discretion of the judge, if the victim of the "crime" consents. This is most common in theft cases, where the offender can pay the victim some sum of money to make the victim whole. If the victim signs a release form, most judges will honor the civil compromise and the case will be dismissed. Having an attorney negotiate with a victim on your behalf is imperative, as tampering with a witness is a crime, and the process must be handled carefully. Pre-filing representation can be the most important phase in your criminal case. If done effectively, the case might be over before it starts. If you have been arrested, are under investigation or have already been charged, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar now for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer. We can discuss the important details in your case and devise a plan of action for getting your case handled the best way possible. IMPORTANT LINKS: LA Sheriff's Inmate Locator Los Angeles Superior Court Los Angeles Police Department Los Angeles Felony Bail Schedule Los Angeles Misdemeanor Bail Schedule Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t: 213-375-3775 | f: 213-375-3099 Mobile: 323-803-4352 [email protected] 1200 Wilshire Blvd | Suite 406 Los Angeles, CA | 90017 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar HOW YOUR LAWYER CAN GET YOU ALTERNATIVE SENTENCES IN LOS ANGELES As a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney, it is usually my goal, first and foremost to help my clients avoid a conviction. If the case is dismissed (through a motion or deal) or we win at trial, the client will not be sentenced to any jail or prison time. Further, it may be possible, through plea negotiation with the prosecuting agency and/or the judge, to avoid jail time, even with a conviction. Unfortunately, some cases do end in a criminal conviction, and some statutes even have mandatory jail time. For example, a third time DUI has a statutory minimum jail time of 120 days. Therefore, if a person is convicted of a third DUI within 10 years, they MUST serve a minimum of 120 days in jail. Or do they? There are several possible alternatives that can help a defendant in criminal cases serve a jail sentence another way. Here are some examples: COMMUNITY SERVICE / COMMUNITY LABOR The most common way that defendants can avoid having to surrender to serve a jail sentence in actual jail is to instead perform community service or community labor. This substitution must be handled in court, and either the judge, the DA, or both, must be on board. With persuasive argument from your Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney, the DA or judge may be willing to let you avoid jail time in exchange for days or hours of your labor. This alternative can be time consuming, but is much more flexible, and probably a bit more pleasant for most, than doing time in jail. In LA County, community labor programs are often referred to as "CalTrans" because labor will be performed with CalTrans, usually cleaning up trash on the side of the road. Other courts may offer different programs (for example, West Covina offers defendants an opportunity to work on a tree farm). Community service is much more flexible than community labor, and is therefore more suitable for people with tough work/school schedules, medical issues or other complications. WORK RELEASE In Los Angeles, "work release" is a release from custody after a defendant goes into jail to serve his or her sentence. A defendant goes into jail, and can be released early upon an agreement to come back and perform work at the jail. These inmates get to sleep at home, can still see family daily, and can usually continue to work their normal jobs. This is a good alternative for defendants sentenced to jail time who were not eligible for community labor or community service. In Orange County and Riverside County, work release is more like LA's community labor, and handled through the courts. ELECTRONIC MONITORING / HOUSE ARREST An inmate can also be released early from jail if accepted into the electronic monitoring program. The electronic monitoring program screens inmates who apply for release and uses an ankle bracelet to monitor the inmates location. This can ensure that the inmate does not flee and does not violate a stay away order. Inmates on electronic monitoring usually have strict conditions, and may only leave home for work, school or other approved obligations. Unlike jail, electronic monitoring is offered through a private company and inmates are responsible for paying the fees themselves. There is a startup fee of $200-$300 as well as an income-based daily rate of as little as $9/day to as much as $40/day. REHAB / TREATMENT Certain drug offenders are eligible to do outpatient drug treatment in lieu of jail or prison time. Residential rehab can be agreed upon with the court or prosecutor in misdemeanor cases, or with probation in felonies. Usually, the most effective way to get rehab to count in lieu of jail time is to have the defendant in rehab, earning custody credits while awaiting a disposition in the case. If necessary, your Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney can continue the matter for as much time as possible to allow the entire sentence, or much of it, to be served in rehab. This way, upon conviction, the defendant will have satisfied all jail requirements of the sentence through rehab. SCRAM BRACELET A SCRAM bracelet is not custody, and does not monitor its wearer's location. What it does, is it monitors whether the wearer is consuming any alcohol. This is not custody, and defendants do not get custody credit, but judges and prosecutors will sometimes agree to PRIVATE JAIL A safer, more pleasant alternative to county jail is to serve a jail sentence in a private jail. This is a costly option, and will likely lead to a longer sentence. County jail inmates get good time/work time credits that reduce the amount of actual time served. Moreover, overcrowding in LA County leads to some very early releases. Private jail inmates do not get out early. Therefore, private jail is a better alternative for short jail sentences or for defendants who would rather spend more time in custody to avoid the dangers and unpleasant nature of county jail. Private jail inmates are treated with much more respect and are not surrounded by gang members. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime in Los Angeles, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney. You have rights and defenses, and may be able to avoid a conviction, jail time, probation and other negative consequences in your case. Having the right lawyer on your side is the most important step you can take towards protecting your future. IMPORTANT LINKS: LA Sheriff's Inmate Locator Los Angeles Superior Court Los Angeles Police Department Los Angeles Felony Bail Schedule Los Angeles Misdemeanor Bail Schedule Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t: 213-375-3775 | f: 213-375-3099 Mobile: 323-803-4352 [email protected] 1200 Wilshire Blvd | Suite 406 Los Angeles, CA | 90017 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com LOS ANGELES BENCH WARRANTS AND ARREST WARRANTS CLEARED![]() Having a warrant out for your arrest is scary. It can turn a simple traffic stop into a trip to jail. There are several different types of warrants and different ways that they can be handled. Anytime you become aware that you have a warrant out for your arrest, you should consult with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney immediately. It may be a relatively simple fix, where an attorney can appear on your behalf, or might be more complex, and your physical presence in court may be required. Either way, having an attorney by your side, fighting for your rights is imperative. In California, particularly in Los Angeles, a "bench warrant" is the most common type of warrant. Judges can issue a bench warrant for several reasons. If a defendant fails to appear (FTA) in court (traffic, criminal, civil, etc.), fails to pay a fine or restitution (FTP), fails to comply with a court order (including showing up to court to be a witness) or has been indicted by a grand jury, the judge in the court will likely issue a bench warrant. Bench warrants can be issued in a small amount, or there may be a "no bail" hold. Arrest warrants are usually issued in accord with the "bail schedule" (see link below). Typically, the bail amount for misdemeanors will be lower than for felonies. Bail amounts on arrest warrants can range greatly, with many minor offenses (including first time DUI) not requiring bail at all ("own recognizance" or "O.R." release), and No Bail (defendant must remain in custody pending a disposition in the matter). No Bail warrants are often issued in very serious cases, for defendants who have failed to appear in court in the past, and for immigration reasons. Bail can also be set very high, sometimes in excess of $1,000,000. In LA, the most common bail amounts are $20,000, $30,000 and $50,000. Most people post bail through a bail bondsman, who will charge usually 10% of the total bail. When you retain a private attorney, most bail companies will offer an 8% rate, saving you money. How to handle your warrant depends on the type of warrant and the reason in was issued. Arrest warrants can be handled in court, jail or at a police station. Either way, your attorney and bail bondsman should be present to ensure that you are released as quickly as possible after your surrender. Once you post bail, you will receive a court date to return to court for the case to begin. If you bail out and are out of custody, this date is usually over a month away. If you do not bail out, but surrender on a warrant, you will be brought to court sooner. In this case, your attorney can argue for a reduction of bail or for you to be released on your own recognizance. This can help you save money in the long run, but you may have to stay in jail a few extra days. Bench warrants generally require you to appear in the court that issued the warrant. For failures to appear or any other felony bench warrants issued, you must personally appear before the issuing judge to have the warrant recalled and quashed. In misdemeanor cases, the law permits an attorney to clear a warrant by appearing for the client under Penal Code 977. However, many judges in LA require the defendant to be personally present to recall a misdemeanor warrant. Your attorney will either be familiar with the practices of your particular judge, or can call the court clerk in the department in question to find out whether the warrant can be cleared in your absence. Traffic warrants can almost always be cleared by an attorney appearance without a need for you to appear. So if you no longer live in California and have a warrant, contact an attorney to see if the warrant can be recalled without your personal presence. If you have been notified by mail, the DMV, or by a law enforcement officer that there is a warrant out for your arrest, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar now for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney. We can explain the process and devise the right course of action to get your warrant recalled. IMPORTANT LINKS: LA Sheriff's Inmate Locator Los Angeles Superior Court Los Angeles Police Department Los Angeles Felony Bail Schedule Los Angeles Misdemeanor Bail Schedule Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t: 213-375-3775 | f: 213-375-3099 Mobile: 323-803-4352 [email protected] 1200 Wilshire Blvd | Suite 406 Los Angeles, CA | 90017 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com MALIBU CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY AND DUI LAWYER Malibu, CA is world famous for its beaches, famous residents and beautiful seaside homes. With rolling hills, cliffs, beaches and caves, Malibu has a lot of natural beauty. Located in the northwestern part of Los Angeles County, Malibu is nearby Ventura County, Calabasas, Topanga Canyon, Aguora Hills, and Woodland Hills. Malibu's beaches include Zuma Beach, Surfrider Beach, Malibu Beach, Point Dume Beach, Dan Blocker Beach and Topanga Beach. Malibu also has great hiking trails, camp grounds, parks and seafood restaurants. With most of the action around PCH, Malibu has restaurants, wineries, bars and other attractions for residents and visitors alike. Surfers, nature-lovers, food & wine enthusiasts and more can all find something to love about Malibu. Like many other affluent communities in LA County, Malibu has relatively low crime rates. It's certainly not gang territory. Only about 12,000 people live in Malibu, though many more visit, particularly in the summer, from other parts of Los Angeles, California, the country and the world. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department provides law enforcement services in Malibu, with the LA County District Attorney's office handling misdemeanor and felony prosecutions stemming from Malibu arrests and citations. Criminal matters (felony and misdemeanor) are heard at the Van Nuys Courthouse. Due to otherwise low crime, law enforcement in Malibu can devote significant time and resources towards enforcing DUI laws in their area. DUI and Domestic Violence cases are a top priority for law enforcement. DUI checkpoints and saturation points are common, and police officers receive extra training in conducting DUI investigations and domestic violence interviews. Drug crimes, theft crimes, violent crimes, vandalism and juvenile criminal offenses also do occur in Malibu. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime in Malibu, Santa Monica, Woodland Hills, Topanga Canyon, Calabasas, Aguora Hills or anywhere else in Los Angeles, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney. Being arrested and charged with a crime is scary and you need a skilled, passionate, aggressive Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer on your side to fight for you. Having the right lawyer on your side can mean a big difference for the outcome of your case. Powerful negotiation, careful investigation and persuasive argument are all necessary to effectively represent your interests in criminal court in LA. EXAMPLE OF A MALIBU CRIMINAL DEFENSE CASE: Bob is a Los Angeles resident and a medical marijuana patient. Bob is driving home from a day at the beach in Malibu (and had also visited a local medical marijuana dispensary day) when he is pulled over for going through a red light a little late. Upon approaching Bob's vehicle, the officer notices the smell of marijuana, likely from the medical marijuana Bob had purchased that day. Bob had not yet smoked marijuana that day, but smokes marijuana in his home every night. There might also be an odor of burnt marijuana on some of his clothing and other belongings as he did not shower before heading to the beach for the day The officer asks Bob if he knows why he is being pulled over. Bob admits to running through the light a little late, but seems alert and answers the question succinctly. Bob hands over his documents and the officer asks him to step out of the car. Bob is asked to perform some field sobriety tests and does fine, losing his balance once when his leg was raised, but otherwise followed all directions well and performed the tasks asked of him. Despite Bob's decent performance of the FSTs, the officer places his under arrest for DUI. At the station, Bob refuses to submit to a blood or urine test, now facing a potential 1 year license suspension as well as DUI charges in court. At the DMV hearing, the issue will be whether Bob actually refused, including whether the arrest was a lawful DUI arrest. The criminal (court) DUI case against Bob consists of the smell of marijuana and one minor mistake on the FSTs. Here, the DMV hearing is much tougher. Bob hires a Los Angels Drug DUI Lawyer who gets started right away on Bob's defense. The attorney schedules a DMV hearing, and subpoenas the arresting officer to testify at the hearing. With a strong cross examination and skilled argument, the lawyer is able to convince the hearing officer that there was not enough evidence to make a DUI arrest, negating the refusal. Bob wins the DMV hearing and will not face the 1 year suspension. In court, Bob has a right to take his case to trial and to make the government prove that he is guilty of a crime. Bob's lawyer is able to persuade the prosecutor to offer Bob a reckless driving instead ("dry" reckless). Bob does not wish to endure the stress, time and cost of trial, opting instead to plead guilty to reckless driving. The DUI is dismissed and Bob's reckless driving conviction cannot be used against him as a prior DUI should a future DUI arrest occur. An arrest or criminal charges does not have to mean a conviction. Whether DUI, drugs, theft, domestic violence or any other criminal offense, you need a lawyer who will fight for you and assert your rights and defenses. You do not have to simply walk in to court and plead guilty. You have rights and defenses, and deserve a full opportunity to defend yourself against the charges, no matter how serious. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime in Los Angeles, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar for a free consultation. 818.646.8788. Nicholas Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney www.iDefendLosAngeles.com
TARZANA CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY AND DUI LAWYER Tarzana, CA is a neighborhood in Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley region. Nearby Sherman Oaks, Encino, Reseda, and Van Nuys, Woodland Hills and Canoga Park. With a population of just over 35,000 people, Tarzana has one of the lowest population densities in LA County. Tarzana is a suburban neighborhood, featuring single family homes, apartment buildings and office buildings. Ventura Boulevard is the primary commerce, dining and entertainment location in Tarzana, like many other neighborhoods in the south San Fernando Valley. Also nearby, is our office, conveniently located in Studio City on Ventura Boulevard. Tarzana has relatively low crime rates compared with Los Angeles and LA County, but slightly higher crime rates than neighboring Encino, Reseda, Sherman Oaks, etc. Theft crimes (burglary, robbery, embezzlement, petty theft, grand theft), domestic violence and drug crimes (possession, sale and transportation) are the most common types of offenses in Tarzana. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and California Highway Patrol, who patrol the neighborhood, have devoted significant resources to DUI enforcement and domestic violence prosecutions. Officers receive extensive training in DUI field sobriety tests, conducting DUI investigations and operating breath test equipment. If you have been arrested or charged with DUI or any other crime in Encino, Sherman Oaks, Studio City, Van Nuys, Reseda, Tarzana, Canoga Park, Woodland Hills or anywhere else in Los Angeles or the San Fernando Valley, you need a skilled, passionate Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney to fight for you and assert your rights and defenses. Criminal and traffic matters in Tarzana and most of LA's San Fernando Valley proceed to the Van Nuys Courthouse. Felonies are prosecuted by the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office and misdemeanors by the LA City Attorney's Office. Both units are aggressive, particularly with their enforcement of DUI and domestic violence offenses. Having your own skilled, passionate Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney to negotiate with them and assert rights and defenses on your behalf is imperative. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer. EXAMPLE OF AN TARZANA CRIMINAL DEFENSE CASE: Dennis, a Tarzana resident is driving home from a happy hour on Ventura Blvd in Encino. After work, he had a few drinks with co-workers before heading home. He had three Miller Lite beers and some chicken wings. He had all three beers between 5:30 and 7:00. at 7:20, he comes across a DUI checkpoint near his house. Upon contact, an LAPD officer notices the smell of beer and asks Dennis if he'd been drinking. Dennis tells the officer that he had one beer. Now the officer has two pieces of evidence that arouse his suspicion. He asks Dennis to step out of the car. He does not look drunk, maintains his balance and is cooperative with the officer. The officer performs a series of field sobriety tests. Dennis does well on the one leg stand and the walk and turn test. The officer also performs an eye test, known as the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test. According to the officer, Dennis fails the test, meaning that his eyes did not smoothly pursue the pen in the officer's hands as he moved it right and left. Next, Dennis is asked to blow into a handheld breathalyzer known as a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) device. The test yields results or .080 and .084. These tests were performed approximately 30 minutes after he was asked to step out of the car. Dennis is arrested for DUI and transported to the station. At the station, he is given a choice between a breath and blood test and chooses breath. The breathalyzer machine at the station shows a reading of .12, notably higher than the roadside results. Dennis is released with a date to appear at the Van Nuys Courthouse. Dennis hires a skilled Los Angeles DUI Lawyer with extensive knowledge of the defenses available in these kinds of cases. It is immediately apparent to the attorney that he has a strong "Rising BAC" defense. That is, the government must prove that Dennis was intoxicated at the time of driving, but has evidence that he was above the legal limit over an hour and a half AFTER driving. Alcohol takes time to absorb. The pattern in the test results, Dennis' performance on the field sobriety tests, and the fact that the officer smelled alcohol all indicate that Dennis had not yet absorbed the beers and that they were not affecting his ability to drive safely. Additionally, the officer does not know nearly as much about the HGN test as the defense attorney. On cross-examination, it would be clear that the officer cannot draw any intoxication conclusions based on the HGN test. Being arrested and charged with a crime is scary. You are probably frightened, frustrated, nervous and unsure of what to expect in court. Get the best Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney you can on your side to fight for you and assert your important constitutional rights! Call now for a free consultation 888-200-9454. Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer t. 818-646-8788 | f. 818-646-8772 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar ![]() NORTHRIDGE CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY AND NORTHRIDGE DUI LAWYER Northridge, CA is located in the northwestern portion of Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley. Home to Cal State - Northridge (CSUN), Northridge has a large college student population. Neighboring towns/neighborhoods include Reseda, Chatsworth, North Hills, Granada Hills, Mission Hills, Winnetka and Van Nuys. Northridge is an affluent community, with low population density, high average income and low crime for Los Angeles and Los Angeles County. Cal State Northridge (CSUN) is the third largest university in the State of California. With over 30,000 undergraduate students and thousands more in graduate and post-graduate programs, CSUN certainly leaves its mark on Northridge, a town with a total population of just over 60,000 residents. Some of the college students are counted in that number, others are not. Despite low crime rates, the large percentage of college-aged residents leads to crimes involving drugs and alcohol, including DUI, Drug Crimes (sales and possession), DUI-Drugs, and sex crimes. Theft crimes, domestic violence, and other crimes are also prevalent. The LAPD is responsible for law enforcement in Northridge. Criminal cases are heard at the San Fernando and Van Nuys Courthouses, where the LA City Attorney's Office prosecutes misdemeanors and the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office prosecutes felonies. Both units aggressively pursue conviction, with particular emphasis on DUI and domestic violence cases. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime in Northridge, it is important to have the best Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney on your side, fighting for you. You may have defenses, and your rights may have been violated. A skilled, passionate, top LA defense lawyer can help assert your rights and defenses, getting you a dismissal, trial win or best outcome possible in your case. Contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar now for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney and DUI Lawyer. 888.200.9454 EXAMPLE OF A NORTHRIDGE CRIMINAL CASE: Ben, Jared and Will, three 21 year old CSUN students have a party at their off-campus apartment in Northridge. It is a Friday night, and they invite many of their friends, who also invite more people. The party ends up pretty big, with over a hundred people coming through the party at some point in the night. There are underage students drinking alcohol, loud music, marijuana and cocaine use. After several noise complaints, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) comes out to break up the party. The front door to the apartment is closed, but not locked, with about 20-30 party guests remaining inside the apartment. The officers knock on the door, still hearing the music and smelling the odor of burnt marijuana. A few seconds after knocking, one of the officers opens the door and enters. About half of the party guests run out the back patio door, Ben is upstairs in his room, and Jared and Will are in the kitchen fetching drinks when the officers enter. Will dumps a bag of cocaine down the sink and turns the water on in front of the officers. With no evidence but the wet plastic bag, the officers sit Will and Jared down on the couch, allow other guests to leave and begin to question Will and Jared about what happened. After the officer tells the two guys that he will not arrest them if they tell him the truth, Will admits to dumping cocaine down the sink. At the same time, the other officer does a sweep of the apartment and finds Ben in his room, with a prescription bottle of Xanax on his dresser. The name on the prescription bottle is James, and is not made out to Ben. Ben and Will are both arrested for possession of a controlled substance (HS 11350). Ben and Will are the read their rights and questions. Ben admits to illegally possessing the Xanax, and to distributing it to friends. Will invokes his right to remain silent, leaving only his prior statement (pre-Miranda warning). Ben and Will each hire Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorneys to represent them in their cases. Upon getting a drug conviction, both students would become ineligible for federal student aid and would not be able to afford to continue their education. Both attorneys file motions to suppress the evidence pursuant to PC 1538.5. While motions to suppress are often difficult to win, the officers were sloppy in this case, and careless with the young men's important Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights. Will's attorney moves to suppress the plastic bag with cocaine residue and Will's statements to the officers. Even if Will's lawyer loses the 1538.5 motion based on Will's Fourth Amendment rights, he can file a motion later to exclude only the statements due to the violation of his client's Miranda rights. Ben's lawyer also challenges the search, arguing that the officers were not invited into the home and that the loud music and marijuana odor were not "exigent circumstances" that would permit their circumvention of the warrant requirement to search a home. Ben's statements were made after he was read his rights, so if Ben does not win his motion to suppress, he will not be able to suppress the statements later. Being arrested and charged with a crime is a scary and unfamiliar situation for most. You are likely unsure of what to expect in court and afraid that you might end up in jail, losing your driver's license, losing your job, or possibly the immigration consequence of a possible criminal conviction. Talk to a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney. There is no obligation and consultations are free of charge. Contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar now for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer. 888-200-9454 Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t. 818-646-8788 | f. 818-646-8772 TOLL FREE: 888.200.9454 MOBILE: 323-803-4352 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar ENCINO CRIMINAL DEFENSE ATTORNEY AND DUI LAWYER Encino, CA is a neighborhood in Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley region. Nearby Sherman Oaks, Tarzana, Reseda, and Van Nuys, with Brentwood and Bel-Air right across the Santa Monica Mountains. With a population of just over 40,000 people, Encino has one of the lowest population densities in LA County. Encino is an affluent community with single family homes, apartment buildings and office buildings. Ventura Boulevard is the primary commerce, dining and entertainment location in Encino, like many other neighborhoods in the south San Fernando Valley. Also nearby is our office, located on Ventura Boulevard in Studio City in the San Fernando Valley. Like many affluent communities in Los Angeles, Encino has low crime relative to other parts of LA County. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and California Highway Patrol therefore have devoted significant resources to DUI enforcement. Officers receive extensive training in DUI field sobriety tests, conducting DUI investigations and operating breath test equipment. In addition to DUI cases, there are drug crimes, domestic violence, theft offenses and more. If you have been arrested or charged with DUI or any other crime in Encino, Sherman Oaks, Studio City, Van Nuys, Reseda, Tarzana or anywhere else in Los Angeles or the San Fernando Valley, you need a skilled, passionate Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney to fight for you and assert your rights and defenses. Criminal and traffic matters proceed to the Van Nuys Courthouse. Felonies are prosecuted by the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office and misdemeanors by the LA City Attorney's Office. Both units are aggressive, particularly with their enforcement of DUI and domestic violence offenses. Having your own skilled, passionate Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney to negotiate with them and assert rights and defenses on your behalf is imperative. If you have been arrested or charged with a crime, contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer. EXAMPLE OF AN ENCINO CRIMINAL DEFENSE CASE: Charlie, an Encino resident is driving home from a happy hour on Ventura Blvd in Sherman Oaks. After work, he had a few drinks with co-workers before heading home. He had three Bud Light beers and some nachos. He had all three beers between 5:30 and 7:00. at 7:15, he comes across a DUI checkpoint near his house. Upon contact, an LAPD officer notices the smell of beer and asks Charlie if he'd been drinking. Charlie tells the officer that he had one beer. Now the officer has two pieces of evidence that arouse his suspicion. He asks Charlie to step out of the car. Charlie does not look drunk, maintains his balance and is cooperative with the officer. The officer performs a series of field sobriety tests. Charlie does well on the one leg stand and the walk and turn test. The officer also performs an eye test, known as the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test. According to the officer, Charlie fails the test, meaning that his eyes did not smoothly pursue the pen in the officer's hands as he moved it right and left. Next, Charlie is asked to blow into a handheld breathalyzer known as a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) device. The test yields results or .080 and .084. These tests were performed approximately 30 minutes after Charlie was asked to step out of the car. Charlie is arrested for DUI and transported to the station. At the station, he is given a choice between a breath and blood test and chooses breath. The breathalyzer machine at the station shows Charlie at a .12, notably higher than the roadside results. Charlie is released with a date to appear at Van Nuys Courthouse. Charlie hires a skilled Los Angeles DUI Lawyer with extensive knowledge of the defenses available in these kinds of cases. It is immediately apparent to the attorney that Charlie has a strong "Rising BAC" defense. That is, the government must prove that Charlie was intoxicated at the time of driving, but has evidence that he was above the legal limit over an hour and a half AFTER driving. Alcohol takes time to absorb. The pattern in the test results, Charlie's performance on the field sobriety tests, and the fact that the officer smelled alcohol all indicate that Charlie had not yet absorbed the beers and that they were not affecting his ability to drive safely. Additionally, the officer does not know nearly as much about the HGN test as the defense attorney. On cross-examination, it would be clear that the officer cannot draw any intoxication conclusions based on the HGN test. Being arrested and charged with a crime is scary. You are probably frightened, frustrated, nervous and unsure of what to expect in court. Get the best Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney you can on your side! Call now for a free consultation 888-200-9454. Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t. 818-646-8788 | f: 818-646-8772 MOBILE: 323-803-4352 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com [email protected] 12198 Ventura Blvd | Suite 207 Studio City, CA | 91604 Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar
LOS ANGELES CRIMINAL DEFENSE AND DUI MOTIONS ATTORNEY A "motion" is a request made by a party, usually through a lawyer, to the court. Motions are a very important tool for criminal defense attorneys in Los Angeles. Motions can get a case dismissed, get evidence thrown out, get a defendant out of custody and also puts pressure on the prosecution to do more work than they may be willing to do on a particular case. Filing motions is an important part of criminal defense work. Talk to a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney to find the best motions that might help you fight your case. Here is a list of some of the common motions that might be used in your criminal case in Los Angeles. PC 995 MOTION TO DISMISS If, after a preliminary hearing, a defendant is held to answer to the charges, but the government has not really put forward enough evidence to justify that action, a 995 motion is used to seek a dismissal from the trial court. Essentially, it is like an appeal to the preliminary hearing judge's decision not to dismiss the case. If the preliminary hearing transcript and exhibits do not show enough evidence for probable cause, your Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney will file a 995 motion to ask the trial judge to dismiss your case for a lack of evidence against you. PC 1538.5 MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE Perhaps the most important motion in criminal defense cases, particularly in possession offenses or cases where a confession was made prior to the reading of Miranda rights. Pursuant to Penal Code section 1538.5, criminal defense attorneys can have unlawfully obtained evidence thrown out of court. Most frequently, these motions are used when a search was conducted in violation of a defendant's fourth amendment rights. In DUI cases, drug crimes, weapon offenses and more, a bad stop can suppress all evidence of DUI. More information about motions to suppress EC 402 MOTIONS (MOTIONS IN LIMINE) Just before trial, the defense and prosecution will have an opportunity to argue over the admissibility of some evidence, presence of witnesses and other spectators in the courtroom, and more with regards to the impending trial. This is often where a judge will decide whether a defendant's statements or prior criminal history will be admissible, as well as allowing or disallowing expert and lay witness testimony. PC 1318 MOTION FOR OWN RECOGNIZANCE RELEASE Despite the "innocent until proven guilty" ideal we are taught, the reality is that many people are held in custody until the disposition of their criminal case. Bail is set, whereby a criminal defendant may post a bond and then be released during the progression of the case PITCHESS MOTION A Pitchess Motion is a motion made by the defense to get access to a law enforcement officer's personnel files. If the defendant believes that the officer used excessive force or lied about facts in their police report, it can be possible to get access to records that can later be used to impeach the officer as a witness in court. If it turns out the officer has a long list of complaints, the prosecution may agree to dismiss the case or offer a much better plea deal. A Pitchess motion, therefore, can be an important tool for criminal defense attorneys. PC 1054 FORMAL DISCOVERY MOTION Discovery is the process of turning over evidence to the other side. In criminal cases, most discovery is informal. The defense usually makes a request for specific evidence not turned over right away by the prosecution. Typically, the prosecution will try to make the requested discovery available, as is required by law. Sometimes, however, the prosecution does not easily disclose something. In these cases, a motion to compel discovery can help the defense to obtain the evidence sought. TROMBETTA MOTION If the government loses or destroys some potentially favorable defense evidence, a Trombetta motion may be filed to seek a dismissal of the case. Finding out that the government lost or destroyed evidence is not easy, but in the cases where it does happen, it can be good news for defendants. BLOOD SPLIT MOTION In DUI cases involving blood testing, the government must follow very specific guidelines for drawing, testing, preserving and storing the blood sample. The lab must not only preserve the sample prior to testing, but also retain sufficient sample to be re-tested by the defense upon request. Re-testing for BAC can help to demonstrate the variation and the inaccuracy of the test, especially LA County's single-column chromatography technology. Additionally, the re-testing can show that the sample was not properly preserved or stored, calling into question the reliability and competence of the lab. According to Pasadena DUI Lawyer Ann Gottesman, "improper storage (temperature too high or low), stress on the blood and bacterial contamination can cause" hemolysis, which indicates an unreliable sample. Keep in mind that motions can have a strong effect on your case, even if the motions are never heard or granted. Filing motions can result in better plea deals because the prosecution has to choose whether to devote resources to fighting a defense motion or just to give in to defense requests for plea bargains. Often, the prosecution will hope to avoid the possibility of losing a motion or the work in defending a motion by offering better terms in plea negotiations. IMPORTANT LINKS: LA Sheriff's Inmate Locator Los Angeles Superior Court Los Angeles Police Department Los Angeles Felony Bail Schedule Los Angeles Misdemeanor Bail Schedule If you have been arrested or charged with a crime in LA, there may be motions that can help your case. Having the best Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer you can get is important. Contact the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar now for a free consultation with a Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney. Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t: 213-375-3775 | f: 213-375-3099 Mobile: 323-803-4352 [email protected] 1200 Wilshire Blvd | Suite 406 Los Angeles, CA | 90017 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar ![]() LOS ANGELES PRELIMINARY HEARING ATTORNEY In California, criminal cases can proceed by indictment or by a criminal complaint. In Los Angeles, most misdemeanor and felony cases proceed by the prosecution filing a criminal complaint, rather than by grand jury indictment. In both misdemeanor and felony criminal cases filed by a prosecuting agency's criminal complaint, the first court date will be an arraignment, or formal reading of the charges, and entry of the defendant's plea (guilty or not guilty). In felony cases, the defendant has a right to a "preliminary hearing" within 10 court days of the arraignment. The purpose of a preliminary hearing, often called a "prelim" or erroneously called a "probable cause" hearing, is to determine whether the government has enough evidence to justify holding the defendant to answer for a felony case. If a misdemeanor is charged alongside a felony charge, the government must also make a showing that there is enough evidence to hold the defendant to answer to the charge. It is your Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney's job to show that there is not enough evidence and get the case dismissed. The preliminary hearing is also a good opportunity for your criminal defense lawyer to question witnesses and lock them into statements. Testimony from a preliminary hearing can be used in pretrial motions and at trial to impeach a witness who might change their testimony. Your lawyer will carefully object to presentation of evidence, thoroughly cross-examine witnesses, and possibly put on evidence that helps to show that the government does not have enough evidence to justify the criminal charges. Motions can also be heard at the preliminary hearing, and by giving your Los Angeles Criminal Defense Lawyer an opportunity to poke holes in testimony from both civilian and police witnesses. Preliminary hearings are much shorter and less formal than a trial. At prelim, there is no jury; the judge is the fact-finder, and evidence is presented with that in mind. With the lower burden on the government, an officer's testimony alone may be enough to justify holding the defendant to answer at a preliminary hearing. PRELIMINARY HEARING PROCEDURE At a preliminary hearing, the prosecution will usually call one or more witnesses to make out each element of each criminal charge. Sometimes one witness can make out all of the evidence that the prosecution needs, while other times it may be necessary to call many witnesses, each with only a small piece of evidence. Typically the prosecutor and investigating officer will sit at one table, and the defendant will sit with the criminal defense attorney at another table. There is no jury, and usually no opening statement. After the prosecution has called its witnesses, the defense may call witnesses, but usually does not choose to do so at the preliminary hearing stage. After the witnesses testify and are cross-examined, both sides get an opportunity to argue briefly. The judge will then render a decision, choosing either to "bind over" or dismiss with respect to each count, prior or allegation. PRELIMINARY HEARING BURDEN OF PROOF At trial, the government has the highest burden of proof our courts employ in criminal cases, proof beyond a reasonable doubt. At prelim, however, the burden on the government is much, much lower. At prelim, the burden of proof on the government is the burden of "probable cause," a much easier burden for the government to meet. The government must only show that there is enough evidence for a reasonable person to entertain a strong suspicion that the defendant is guilty of the alleged crime. Many of the defenses that can help a defendant at trial are not helpful at the preliminary hearing. MOTIONS AT PRELIMINARY HEARING Since the government must call its witnesses to testify at the preliminary hearing, anyway, it often makes sense to hold a motion hearing at the same time. The most common motion run during a preliminary hearing in Los Angeles, is a PC 1538.5 motion to suppress evidence. If the police obtained evidence (physical evidence, testimonial evidence, etc.) in violation of the defendant's rights, an exclusionary rule may help the defendant get that evidence thrown out. Particularly in possession crime cases, or cases where a defendant confessed without being read his/her Miranda rights, a motion to suppress might just make the whole case go away. Another motion commonly associated with a preliminary hearing is a 995 motion to dismiss. Here, the judge hearing the prelim has already held the defendant to answer, deciding that the government has presented enough evidence. If defense counsel does not believe that enough evidence existed to hold the defendant to answer, a 995 motion can be filed after the prelim with the trial court. The trial judge will review the evidence presented at a preliminary hearing (and read the preliminary hearing transcript) and then decide whether the prelim judge was correct to hold the defendant to answer. In all of these cases, it is vital to have a skilled passionate criminal defense attorney on your side. HEARSAY EVIDENCE AT PRELIMINARY HEARING Hearsay evidence is a great deal more complicated than the colloquial term. "Hearsay" is not simply a statement made by one person about another's statement. If fact, over 20 exceptions exist, where a declarant's out of court statement may be admitted into evidence. Moreover, a defendant's statements may be admitted through another witness (police included) and they are not kept out for being hearsay. At preliminary hearings, hearsay evidence goes one additional step when a qualified officer takes the stand. Police officers with over 5 years of experience can testify to one level of hearsay evidence. This allows preliminary hearings to proceed without some of the witnesses who may be necessary at trial. Police officers can testify to what another witness or a victim told them, allowing the prosecution to put on its evidence more quickly, and with less opportunity for the defense to question some actual witnesses. PRELIMINARY HEARING AND PLEA NEGOTIATIONS The most important way a criminal defense attorney can use a preliminary hearing to facilitate a plea negotiation is to show the prosecutor that the trial will be tough. While there is most often enough evidence to meet the low burden for a preliminary hearing, a loss at the preliminary hearing does not necessarily mean that the defense cannot come out on top as a result. By showing the prosecution the weaknesses of its case and the skill and preparation of the defense attorney, the prosecution may be willing to offer a more favorable plea deal. Also, due to the time and difficulty of getting witnesses to court, sometimes a prosecutor will offer a good deal in order to avoid having to take a case to the preliminary hearing. Prosecutors are busy and have a lot of cases on their plate. DISMISSALS AT PRELIMINARY HEARING Getting a case dismissed at the preliminary hearing is the best outcome possible for defendants and defense attorneys. There are several different reasons this can happen. Most conventionally, the defense attorney can point out to the judge that the government has failed to meet its burden and that the case should be dismissed. A case can also be dismissed if the defense wins a motion to suppress evidence and there is not evidence left. Moreover, sometimes prosecutors will dismiss a case when they do not have the necessary witnesses or do not have time to take a particular case to prelim. IMPORTANT LINKS: LA Sheriff's Inmate Locator Los Angeles Superior Court Los Angeles Police Department Los Angeles Felony Bail Schedule Los Angeles Misdemeanor Bail Schedule If you have been arrested or charged with a felony in Los Angeles, you need a skilled, passionate Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney on your side to fight for you. Being arrested and charged with a crime is scary, but an LA Criminal Defense Lawyer at the Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar can help. Nicholas M. Loncar, Esq. Los Angeles Criminal Defense Attorney t: 213-375-3775 | f: 213-375-3099 Mobile: 323-803-4352 [email protected] 1200 Wilshire Blvd | Suite 406 Los Angeles, CA | 90017 www.iDefendLosAngeles.com Published By: Nicholas Loncar | Written by Nicholas Loncar |
"Mr. Loncar has a great reputation in the legal community. I highly endorse his service to anyone in need of legal help."
-Attorney Andrew Leone HOME | ATTORNEY PROFILE | PRACTICE AREAS | KNOW YOUR RIGHTS | BLOG | CONTACT | PASSION AND PERSONAL SERVICE The Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar, located on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, provide tenacious, passionate and affordable criminal defense to clients throughout Southern California. If you're facing criminal charges or are under investigation, contact our office today for a free consultation. LA Attorney Nicholas Loncar is deeply committed to criminal defense and fights hard for his clients in every case.
Law Offices of Nicholas Loncar
1200 Wilshire Blvd
Los Angeles,
CA
90017
Phone: 213-375-3775
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contents do not provide any legal advice nor does receipt of this information create an attorney-client relationship.
© 2022 by the Law Offices of Nicholas M. Loncar. All rights reserved. Sitemap